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Achieving Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) Standards with Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Concept in Africa

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By Aminu Owonikoko

The threat of global warming, together with international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol on sustainable/renewable development, has led to significant interest in the potential of using sustainable energy as a source of power in various buildings such as Solar Energy/Power and Biomass Heating/Bioenergy. This has resulted in rethinking in building construction supply chain industry. Amongst relevant declarations, the United Kingdom (UK) government made a commitment to ensure that 10% of energy production would be from renewable/sustainable sources by 2010 and would progressively increase to 15% by 2020 and beyond. This is a tremendous task and it is definitely affecting the building construction supply chain industry both locally and globally. A concerted effort is therefore required from academia, industry, the general public and the government to achieve these targets. However, Africa and UK cannot act alone to tackle the climatic issues that affect the building construction supply chain, and therefore, international collaborations are required especially with the foreign suppliers of building construction materials. Thus, designing and constructing Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) embedded with ‘SMART’ Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology are not only important but necessary. A building which produces or emits energy through sustainable routes as much as it uses from the Grid is known as Near Zero Energy Buildings while Structural Health Monitoring technology is a way of monitoring and evaluating structural health using smart sensors.

Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) project analyses current design practices especially for high integrity and safety critical structures made from composite materials such as building roofing and column. The capabilities of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technologies to provide dependable and continuous structural diagnosis and prognosis will be investigated and aligned with structural design cases. The research will involve propose stage and test hypothesis for new structural design principles that preserve the damage tolerance and fail safe nature of current design but incorporating ‘smart’ SHM features as a design variable. New concepts will arise at the point where SHM and structural design converge. The novelty of this work gives excellent prospects for high profile publications and dissemination in conferences.

The work will comprise theoretical investigation of structural design processes especially with respect to building structures and composite materials. Experimental test cases incorporating SHM technologies will also be realised and demonstrated based on new approaches to design that realise advantages in terms of weight, complexity and performance. Furthermore, application ofTheory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) will be integrated into the project because of its benefits such as segmentation or segregation and extraction.

Safety critical structural design philosophies generally rely on over engineering to accommodate uncertainties in material or structural parameters. Design for maintainability also introduces design constraints such as access for manual inspection. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) can impact on both of these constraints by providing an intrinsic sensing function as a design element. Instead of building in extra features to allow fail safe operation or increasing the stiffness and thickness of structural parts to allow for uncertainty in material integrity, the built-in sensors can remove the need for these by providing accurate structural diagnosis at any time.  This would remove the uncertainties that lead to design margins (factors) and allow new design paradigms leading to reduced weight, less material, more efficient designs and enhanced performance.
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Figure 1: Example of a Structural health monitoring (SHM) modules (Ren He., et al., 2017)

 Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) Concepts

The following NZEB concepts have been identified from the work of Pless, S., and Torcellini, P., 2010:

1.      Connection of Grid

2.      Switching of Fuel

3.      Renewable/Sustainable Energy Credits

4.      Options for Energy Supply and Demand

 

1.      Connection of Grid

In concept, NZEB generates excess energy than it employs annually and discharges excess Sustainable Energy generation to the utility (such as district hot water system and electricity grid) to control the energy employed. A utility connection is permitted for energy balances for NZEB. Based on assumption, on-site generation excess can be sent to the grid to be wholly employed.

2.      Switching of Fuel

The definition of NZEB enables renewable/sustainable electricity generation to offset different fossil/traditional energy employs. E.g. natural gas energy employ can be offset with excess wind energy or solar energy (i.e. photovoltaic-PV) transferred to the grid; the offset level is calculated by the energy employ accounting method.

3.      Renewable/Sustainable Energy Credits

Various Sustainable/Renewable Energy projects are not fully sponsored via the marketing of renewable energy credits (RECs). Though this is a pertinent financial tool, once the RECs are sold and then bought by another person, the project cannot claim the advantages of the renewable energy generated on site for the usefulness of NZEB classification. RECs are not resold in other different utility purchase models.

4.      Options for Energy Supply and Demand

Many supply angles of renewable energy production technologies are available for NZEB. Examples of renewable energy production technologies are solar energy (i.e. photovoltaic-PV), geothermal energy, wind, biofuels/bioenergy and hydroelectricity. Renewable energy demand angle and efficiency measures combine methods that save energy but are not commercialised. These cannot be included in the supply angle balance for achieving an NZEB. Examples of demand angle renewable energy and energy efficiency methods consist of day lighting, solar heating, domestic solar water heaters and solar ventilation air preheaters. Renewable energy guiding principles in NZEB are formulated to minimise the movements of energy from production route to final usage and generate maintenance in the residential and commercial buildings environments:

·         Reduce the total environmental influence by recommending building designs that are energy-efficient, utilization of renewable energy, and minimising conversion, transportation and transmission losses.

·         Renewable energy technology must be available over the life duration of the residential and commercial buildings.

·         Must have high repeatable/consistency data potential for future NZEB.

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Figure 2: Example of Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) Concept (Bjorn Berggren and Monika Hall, 2013)

 References:

[1] Berggren, B., and Hall, M., (2013) “LCE analysis of buildings – Taking the step towards Net Zero Energy Buildings”.

 [2] Ren, H., Chen X., and Chen, Y. (2017) “Structural Health Monitoring and Influence on Current Maintenance”. Reliability Based Aircraft Maintenance Optimization and Applications Aerospace Engineering 2017, Pages 173-184.

Aminu Owonikoko MPhil (UK), MSc (UK), B.Tech (Nigeria) Reverse Innovation, Business Process and Manufacturing Excellence Consultant @ Muniowo Agro Nigeria Limited (RC818651) in Partnership with Ajax Equipment Ltd (www.ajax.co.uk) Mobile Phone No: +61 449223107   E-mail: owonikokoak@yahoo.com

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Why Tinubu Was Absent at Commissioning of Sanwo-Olu’s Projects in Lagos – Presidency

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The Presidency has come up with reasons behind President Bola Tinubu’s absent at the commissioning of Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu’s projects in Lagos, on Wednesday.

Tinubu was noticeably absent at the scheduled project commissioning in Lagos, sparking public curiosity.

However, Sunday Dare, his Special Adviser on Public Communications and Orientation, has clarified the reason behind the last-minute development.

Speaking during an interview on Channels Television, Dare revealed that the President had to prioritise urgent national security matters over the event.
According to him, although Tinubu is currently in Lagos, he has been deeply engaged in high-level State duties, particularly ongoing security briefings tied to recent developments across the country.

“The president has been busy taking constant briefs and has to prioritise when it comes to state matters, especially security,” Dare stated.

He referenced rising security concerns, including recent unrest linked to incidents in Jos, noting that the President has been closely monitoring the situation and working directly with intelligence agencies.

Dare emphasised that Tinubu remains fully engaged behind the scenes, actively coordinating with security operatives and receiving continuous updates to address emerging threats.

The absence, he stressed, should not be seen as neglect of official duties but rather a reflection of the President’s focus on safeguarding national stability at a critical time.

Tinubu skipped the Lagos commissioning not out of disregard, but to handle pressing security issues demanding immediate presidential attention.

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Benin Republic 2026: Romuald Wadagni, The President in Waiting

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By Eric Elezuo

As the presidential election draws very close, one man stands taller than most of the candidates that would be on the ballot paper, or may have been on the ballot paper as far as the presidential election in Benin Republic is concerned. He is the hard working and most Indefatigable achiever, Monsieur Romuald Wadagni.

He us young, able and full of experience, having practiced positive and sincere politics for a very long in his young existence.

Wadagni comes across as the typical chip off the old block, when it comes to genuine leadership qualities and agenda. He has been tested, trusted and ready to take up the mantle of leadership towards providing genuineness and purposeful living condition for the people of Benin Republic.

In 10 consecutive years, since he was 39, Wadagni, has supervised the Finance and Economy ministry without blemish, and has received accolades from far and wide.

It is therefore not a fluke as the 49 years old, Romuald Wadagni was nominated as the ruling majority’s candidate for the upcoming presidential election in Benin.

Consequently, listed below are three things to know about him: 1:he has been the Minister of Finance for nearly 10 years. Romuald Wadagni was appointed Minister of Economy and Finance in April 2016. He was reappointed to the position in 2021 with the rank of Minister of State. He is considered one of the main architects of Benin’s economic recovery.

At the end of January 2025, he welcomed “average growth of more than 6.5% in recent years.” In 2018, Financial Afrik magazine ranked him among the 100 African personalities transforming the continent. In December 2024, the same media outlet named him “Best Finance Minister in Africa,” praising Benin’s macroeconomic stability in the face of international crises. 2: He is an expert in finance and accounting. Romuald Wadagni is a chartered accountant. After studying finance, private equity, and venture capital, he began his professional career in 1998 at Deloitte, one of the largest audit and consulting firms in the world.

At Deloitte, Romuald Wadagni rose through the ranks and successively held several positions of responsibility in France, the United States, and then in Francophone Africa. In 2012, at the age of 36, he became a partner at Deloitte. He later led the firm’s expansion across the African continent. After 17 years, he left the firm in April 2016 when he was appointed Minister of Economy and Finance of Benin.

He is the heir apparent of Patrice Talon. After two consecutive terms, President Patrice Talon, who can no longer run again, had promised to play an active role in choosing his successor. On August 31, 2025, he officially endorsed his Minister of Finance, Romuald Wadagni, as the candidate of the presidential majority.
This designation was confirmed in a joint statement by the Union Progressiste le Renouveau (UPR) and the Bloc Républicain (BR), the two main parties of the majority. On October 4, 2025, in Parakou, Romuald Wadagni and Mariam Chabi Talata, the current Vice President, were officially nominated during a major rally of the presidential majority. In his speech, the candidate minister promised to “consolidate the achievements” of his predecessor.

 

Prior to entering politics, Wadagni worked for the consulting firm Deloitte for 17 years. He was first appointed the minister of economy and finance on 7 April 2016, in the first Talon government, and subsequently reappointed in 2021 with the rank of senior minister.

Wadagni was born in Benin in 1976 in Lokossa, the eldest of five children. His father, Nestor Wadagni, a statistician and economist with a degree from ENSAE, had a career in the Beninese civil service before writing a thesis in fundamental mathematics after his retirement.From an early age, he took an interest in manual work and trained himself in bricklaying and mechanics.

After obtaining a scientific baccalaureate in Benin, he continued his studies in France. From 1995 to 1999, he studied at the École supérieure des affaires de Grenoble (ESA) where he obtained a master’s degree in finance, graduating top of his class. During his studies in Grenoble, he met a partner from Deloitte who identified his potential and recruited him into the consulting firm in 1998.Among honours attached to his ebullient services and achievements, are as follows:

In 2021, the financial newspaper Financial Afrik named Romuald Wadagni “Best African Minister of Economy and Finance”.

In 2024, the financial newspaper Financial Afrik named him “Finance Minister of the Year” for the 4th time in its ranking of “The 100 who are transforming Africa”.

ROMUALD WADAGNI AT A GLANCE 

Romuald Wadagni is Senior Minister in charge of Economy and Finance of Benin. He was appointed on April 7, 2016, in the first government of President Patrice Talon and reappointed to this position in May 2021.

Romuald Wadagni is a public accountant certified in France and the USA. He also holds a master’s degree in finance and has completed specialized training in private equity and venture capital.

Before being appointed Minister of Economy and Finance in 2016, Romuald Wadagni had a leading international experience within Deloitte. In France from 1998, then in the United States from 2003, he developed cutting-edge expertise in several fields, serving customers in various sectors of activity (Mining, TMT, Financial Sector, Public Sector, Retail) and various governments and donors.

Wadagni is a handful in service delivery, transformation and economic re-engineering. He is the best suited for the presidency of Benin Republic as election holds on Sunday, April 12, 2026

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ADC Raises Alarm over INEC’s Plot to Prevent Party from Fielding Candidates

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The African Democratic Congress (ADC) has revealed the deliberate administrative landmines being deployed by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to prevent the Party from fielding candidates in the upcoming elections.

In a statement signed by its National Publicity Secretary, Mallam Bolaji Abdullahi, the party stated that at the heart of this emerging crisis is INEC’s stated position that it will no longer receive any correspondence from the ADC pending the determination of a matter before the Federal High Court. On its face, this may appear procedural. In reality, it creates a direct and dangerous conflict with the clear timelines imposed by the Electoral Act (2026), which provides defined windows, including the mandatory 21-day notice period and subsequent submission requirements, within which political parties must complete critical electoral processes.

The full statement reads:

We are compelled to raise serious concerns about a developing situation that appears designed to prevent the African Democratic Congress (ADC) from fielding candidates in the upcoming elections. It is based on documentary evidence which we are now placing before the Nigerian public, including certified INEC records, attendance logs, monitoring reports, and excerpts from the Commission’s own sworn affidavit. Taken together, these documents establish a clear and consistent record of events.

INEC received formal notice of the July 29, 2025 National Executive Committee (NEC) meeting of the ADC. It deployed officials to monitor that meeting. It documented the proceedings and received formal reports from its field officers. Following this, INEC updated its internal records and uploaded the names of the new leadership, including Senator David Mark as National Chairman and Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola as National Secretary.
These are not claims. They are facts contained in INEC’s own records.

In addition, the Commission’s sworn affidavit before the Federal High Court, in its response to Nafiu Bala Gombe on 12 September 2025, particularly in Clauses 14 to 19, affirms key legal principles: that the leadership transition had already been completed and recognized, that such internal party matters fall outside the scope of judicial interference, that completed acts cannot be reversed by injunction, and also recognizes the David Mark-led NWC.

Yet, despite this clear documentary trail, INEC has now taken the position that it will no longer receive any correspondence from the ADC pending the determination of a matter before the Federal High Court. This is where the contradiction becomes dangerous.

The Electoral Act imposes strict timelines on political parties, including the 21-day notice requirement and submission deadlines. INEC itself has fixed May 10 as the deadline for the submission of relevant documents. However, by refusing to receive communication from the ADC within this same period, the Commission is effectively preventing the Party from complying with the law.

In simple terms, INEC is effectively threatening that unless the courts deliver judgment on the ADC leadership issue by May 10, it will prevent the ADC from producing candidates.

This places the ADC in an impossible position and creates a clear pathway to artificial non-compliance, which can then be used to justify excluding the Party from fielding candidates. That is the landmine.

INEC has claimed that its April 1 decision was taken to avoid rendering the proceedings before the Federal High Court nugatory. The reality is the opposite. By intervening in a matter already before the court and issuing a pronouncement with clear legal and operational consequences, the Commission has itself undermined the very process it claims to protect.

What is even more concerning is that this position contradicts INEC’s own prior conduct and legal stance. The same Commission that monitored, documented, recognized, and swore to an affidavit confirming the ADC leadership is now acting in a way that contradicts its earlier position.
We therefore call on the Commission to immediately reverse this position, resume the acceptance of all lawful correspondence from the ADC, and uphold its constitutional responsibility to ensure a level playing field for all political parties.

We also call on Nigerians to be wary and remain vigilant about these dangerous machinations to subvert Nigeria’s democracy and impose a civilian dictatorship on the country.

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